Computer History

 

                Computer

 
 The computer is a tool used to process the data according to the procedure have been formulated. Computer word originally used to describe people who perkerjaannya perform arithmetic calculations, with or without assistive devices, but the meaning of this word is then transferred to the machine itself. Originally, the processing of information is almost exclusively related to arithmetical problems, but modern computers are used for many tasks unrelated to mathematics.

 Over the years there have been several different meanings in the word "computer", and several different words are now referred to referred to as a computer.

Word computer once commonly used to define people who do arithmetic calculations, with or without auxiliary engine. According to the Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology, the word is used in English in 1646 as the word for "people who count" and then before 1897 are also used as a "mechanical calculators". During World War II, the word refers to the workers of the United States and British women whose job it is to calculate the path of artillery warfare with the machine count.

 Charles Babbage designed one of the first calculating machine called the analytical engine. In addition, a variety of machine tools as simple as a slide rule also has to be said as a computer.

HistoryComputer History by period are:
 1). Tools and Calculators Calculate Traditional Mechanical
 2). First Generation Computers
 3). Second Generation Computers
 4). Third Generation Computers
 5). Fourth Generation Computers
 6). Fifth Generation Computer

 In 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer to build a computer, the Z3. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), a Harvard engineer working with IBM, succeeded in producing electronic calculators for the U.S. Navy. The calculator is a length of half a football field away and has a range of 500 miles of cable. The Harvard-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, an electronic relay computer. He uses electromagnetic signals to move the mechanical components. The machine was slow (taking 3-5 seconds per calculation) and inflexible (in order of calculations can not be changed). The calculator can perform basic arithmetic and more complex equations.

 Computer Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), which is made by the cooperation between the governments of the United States and the University of Pennsylvania. This computer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile computer (general-purpose computers) that work 1000 times faster than Mark I.

 Mid tahun1940's, John von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the University of Pennsylvania team, initiating concepts in computer design is up to 40 years is still used in computer engineering. Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a good memory to hold data or programs. This technique allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume her job back. The key factor von Neumann architecture is the central processing unit (CPU), which allowed all computer functions to be coordinated through a single source. In 1951, UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer to use the Von Neumann architecture model.

 Both the United States Census Bureau and General Electric have a UNIVAC. One of the impressive results achieved by the UNIVAC dalah success in predicting victory Dwilight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election.

 First generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions were made specifically for a particular task. Each computer has a different binary code of a program called "machine language" (machine language). This causes the computer is difficult to be programmed and the speed limit. Another feature is the use of first generation computer vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time are very large) and magnetic cylinders for the storage of data.

 In 1948, the discovery of the transistor greatly influenced the development of computers. The transistor replaced the vacuum tube in televisions, radios, and computers. As a result, the size of electric machines is reduced drastically. The transistor used in computers began in 1956. Other findings in the form of magnetic-core memory to help the development of second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than its predecessor. The first machine to utilize this new technology is a supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputers, Stretch and Sprery-Rand named LARC. These computers, which were developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability that is needed by atomic scientists. The machine was very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting their attractiveness. There are only two LARC ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, Calif., and the other in the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC Second-generation computers replaced machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations to replace the binary code.

 In the early 1960s, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, in universities and in government. The second generation of computers is a fully computer using transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage disks, memory, operating system, and programs. One important example is the computer during 1401 are widely accepted in the industry. In 1965, almost all large businesses use the second generation of computers for financial memprosesinformasi.

 Program stored in the computer and programming language that is in it gives flexibility to the computer. Flexibility is increased performance at a reasonable price for business use. With this concept, the computer can print invoices and then run the consumer purchases the product design or calculate payroll. Some programming languages ​​began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) came into common use. These languages ​​replaced cryptic binary machine code with words, sentences, and math formulas more easily understood by humans. This allows a person to program and set the computer. Wide range of emerging careers (programmer, systems analyst, and computer systems expert). Industr software also began to emerge and evolve during this second-generation computers.

 Although the transistors in many respects the vacuum tube, but transistors generate substantial heat, which could potentially damage the internal parts of a computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components in a small silicon disc made of quartz sand. Scientists later managed to fit more components into a single chip called a semiconductor. The result, computers became ever smaller as more components can be squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) that allows the machine to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.

 After IC, the only place to go was down the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components on a chip. In the 1980's, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components in a single chip.

 Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased the number into the millions. Ability to install so many components in a chip that berukurang half coins encourage lower prices and the size of the computer. It also increased power, efficiency and reliability. Intel 4004 chip that was made in 1971membawa progress on the IC by putting all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC is made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor could be manufactured and then programmed to meet all the requirements. Soon, every household devices like microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection (EFI) is equipped with a microprocessor.

 Such developments allow ordinary people to use a regular computer. Computers no longer be a dominant big companies or government agencies. In the mid-1970s, computer assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minicomputers, sold with software packages that are easy to use by the layman. The software is most popular at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980s, such as the Atari 2600 video game consumer interest for more sophisticated home computer and can be programmed.

 In 1981, IBM introduced the use of Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. The number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued evolution towards smaller sizes, from computers that are on the table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop), or even a computer that can be hand held (palmtop).

 IBM PC to compete with the Apple Macintosh in the fight over the computer market. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the graphical system on his computer, while his rival was still using a text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.

 At the present time, we know the journey with the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth-generation computers.

 Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, new ways to explore the potential to be developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, these computers can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other. The computer network allows a single computer to form electronic co-operation to complete an assignment process. By using direct cabling (also called a Local Area Network or LAN), or [telephone cable, the network can become very large.

 HAL9000 computer fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke titled 2001: Space Odyssey. HAL displays all the desired functions of a fifth-generation computer. With artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence or AI), the HAL may have enough reason to do percapakan with humans, using visual feedback, and learn from his own experience.

 Although it may be the realization of the HAL9000 is still far from reality, many of the functions that had been established. Some computers can receive verbal instructions and are able to mimic human reasoning. The ability to translate a foreign language also becomes possible. This facility is deceptively simple. However, such facilities become much more complicated than expected when programmers realized that human understanding relies heavily on context and meaning rather than just translate the words directly.

 Many advances in the field of computer design and technology that increasingly allows the manufacture of fifth generation computers. Two engineering advances which are mainly parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the non-Neumann model. Non Neumann model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate many CPUs to work in unison. Another advancement is the superconducting technology that enables the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which in turn can accelerate the speed of information.

 Japan is a country well known in the jargon of socialization and the fifth generation computer project. Institute ICOT (Institute for New Computer Technology) was also formed to make it happen. Many news stating that the project has failed, but some other information that the success of this fifth-generation computer project will bring new changes in the world of computerized paradigm.